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Please note that the following article is strictly to provide information and neither the content nor transmissions through this website
are intended to provide legal or other advice or to create an attorney-client relationship.
We have recently seen horrific earthquake disasters in New Zealand and Japan. There has been widespread loss of life and destruction of infrastructure and buildings. California has a history of devastating earthquakes as well—the San Francisco, San Fernando, Northridge, and Loma Prieta earthquakes, among others. Heavy rains have created landslides, mudslides and shoreline erosion all over California, damaging homes and property, some of it in community associations. Wildfires in the past decade have destroyed hundreds of homes. Rising sea levels are threatening to flood low-lying developments, including many common interest developments.
What does a community association board of directors do if a natural disaster wipes out all or a portion of their association? Is this a problem to worry about? When and where is it likely to happen? Is there a plan for dealing with it?
Worry about it. A disaster can strike at any time, and most community associations and special districts1 are ill prepared for the consequences. Disaster insurance is usually inadequate or even non-existent and there is little reserve funding that can be tapped to rebuild. Here are a few examples of how existing and future developments could be paralyzed by a natural disaster.
Bethel Island lies in the Sacramento Delta between Sacramento and Stockton, California. Its home to about 2500 residents. The interior is 7-15 feet below sea level. There are 11.5 miles of levees that serve as a dam to keep the waters of the surrounding sloughs from inundating the island.
Property taxes collected from the residents of the island fund a special district, the Bethel Island Municipal Improvement District (BIMID) which is responsible for the maintenance and repair of the levees and functions like a municipality or a large community association.2
Bethel Island is 12 miles from the Greenville Fault and is considered to have strong shaking potential in a potential earthquake. Shaking can create landslides in the levee which could breach anywhere around the island. The levee also has a high probability of liquefaction in a quake.3
A study by BIMID on the potential for loss or damage states:
“The conclusion is that flooding (levee failure and drainage disruption) and wildfire (an underground peat fire) pose a significant risk for potential loss.”4
But the district is broke. The BIMID board of directors asked the residents of the island to approve a parcel tax in November of 2010 to fund badly needed improvements to the levee—it was soundly defeated. The district board then had to fire their General Manager and another employee. They hope to propose the parcel tax again—but without it, the levees will continue to deteriorate. The levees don't comply with federal standards. “Additionally, the levees are eroding and suffering damage by beavers and rodents.”5
The Cargill Corporation is proposing to build 12,000 homes on reclaimed salt ponds in Redwood City. The homes will be surrounded by a levee. The new homes will be below sea level with only the levee keeping out San Francisco Bay. The source of funding for maintenance of the levee hasn't been fully disclosed, but Cargill has already said it would not be Redwood City taxpayers, and it's a sure bet that it won't be the State of California. It's very likely therefore that the proposed levee will be maintained by a special district like the one on Bethel Island, or a homeowners association, either of which, in turn, will be reliant on assessments or taxes from the homeowners within the development for its long-term funding.6
A news story:
“From Antioch to North Richmond to Redwood City, a slowly rising Bay could endanger the properties of as many as 270,000 Bay Area residents and cause some $56.5 billion in damage by the end of the century unless measures are taken to protect them, scientists warn. But surprisingly, few cities are taking action..”7
The bay city of Benicia recently announced on its website:
"In the event of projected flooding sandbags are available at the Benicia Corporation Yard. Some assistance may be available but residents should bring shovels and plan to fill and load the bags themselves.”
A bayside community association in Benicia recently settled a lawsuit against the developer of the project recovering nearly fifteen million dollars so it could re-level buildings that were sinking into the bay mud as well as to install common area drainage to protect it against rising sea levels and the flooding that occurs during major storms. One of the attorneys instrumental in bringing about the recovery, states:
“No one, not the City of Benicia, the state of California, nor the federal government would assist the owners of these homes. It was merely fortuitous that the damage began to occur soon enough after construction to permit a claim to be submitted to the developer, before the statute of limitations ran out.”
Ocean Harbor House is a condominium project in Monterey, California, one of very few properties in the area with Pacific Ocean frontage. Erosion of its beachfront threatened the stability of the buildings at the time it was converted from apartments to condominiums. The developer had failed to address these foundation stability issues adequately. It took a lawsuit and over ten million dollars to build an adequate seawall. Berding & Weil partner Randolph Paul obtained the recovery for the association. He states:
“The residents of Ocean Harbor House faced the prospect of ocean waves wiping out the stability of the seaward buildings. Only a proper seawall would provide the protection they needed; not only was it costly, but they had to deal with the California Coastal Commission approval process, which is daunting under the best of circumstances. Only a lawsuit and the prospect of a trial enabled the Association to recover funds to assist in funding the seawall to provide the essential fifty year protection.”
The litigation was hotly contested and the case only settled after a jury was empaneled to decide the case. A team of consultants and experts shepherded the Association through the Coastal Commission and construction process, allowing the seawall to be completed on time. The force of recent storm events underscores the significance of these efforts.
A few years ago a Solano County community association had to sue its developer to recover the nearly six million dollars necessary to repair eleven separate landslides that threatened homes adjacent to common area hillsides as a result of heavy winter storms. They were lucky; the jury found in favor of the association even though some of the slides were dormant and had not yet caused damage. A round of new landslides in northern California has followed recent heavy rains and has damaged homes and infrastructure in numerous locations.
The 1971 San Fernando, the 1989 Loma Prieta, and the 1994 Northridge earthquakes extensively damaged many condominiums. Much of the damage was due to garages constructed on the ground floor with the condos above creating large unsupported openings that collapsed in the quake.8
“The headline after the next major Bay Area earthquake may be: 'Housing Losses Staggering Due to Failure to Retrofit Apartments and Condos with Known Earthquake Risk.' Of the 160,000 housing units ABAG forecasts will be uninhabitable in a major earthquake; most will be the result of the collapse of apartment buildings with parking or commercial space on all or part of the first floor. The collapse of the parking areas in all types of apartments and condos occurred in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and the 1994 Northridge earthquake.”9
What's common to all of these examples? They all involve small communities or community associations that had to deal with the effects of natural disasters. They are completely reliant on their individual homeowners for the necessary funding. Public agency funding was and is not available. They also involve disasters which, in most cases, insurance is either excluded (flood and landslide insurance) or extremely costly and with large deductibles that make its purchase a questionable investment (earthquake insurance.) They also involve communities for which reserve funding for natural disasters was and is non-existent.
The lucky ones, those that discovered landslide, structural, flood, or erosion threats while there was still time left on the statute of limitations, were able to bring claims that produced enough cash to retrofit the buildings or fix the damage. Others, like Bethel Island or any development more than ten years old, have no such recourse.
We've previously discussed various threats posed by landslides to community associations;10 the earthquake danger to certain types of multi-family construction;11 and the potential impact on homeowners from rising sea levels.12 In most cases, community associations do not have the resources to address damages caused by natural disasters. They do not have reserves and usually do not carry insurance for earthquakes, flooding due to levee breaks, beach erosion, or landslides.
Here's what boards of directors should do to prepare for a disaster:
Investigate Your Exposure. Retain experts to investigate the vulnerability of the project to potential natural disasters. Hillside common areas, proximity to the bay or ocean, construction on fill or bay mud can expose an association to serious damage from storms, rising sea levels, or earthquakes.
For example, older construction should be analyzed for issues such as the soft story problem and similar construction-related failures. Appropriate experts, structural and civil engineers, contractors and architects can conduct the necessary inspections and provide the board of directors with reports outlining any concerns and proposals for repair.
Review Your Insurance. Boards should review their existing insurance program and any additional available insurance coverage to be sure that they are as insured as currently available policies and their budget allow. Most property policies insure an association against losses by fire, but few include earthquake or landslide protection and may expressly exclude such perils.
Earthquake insurance is offered, but it is very expensive and high deductibles would require a cash reserve beyond the capability of most community associations. A southern California insurance broker who specializes in insurance for community associations has published a comprehensive outline of earthquake insurance questions and answers on its website.13
But should a board invest in earthquake insurance notwithstanding the cost? BerdingWeil partner, Steven Weil, has explored the dilemma a board faces when the pressure mounts, usually after another earthquake disaster, to buy earthquake insurance for the association:
“If the governing documents require a board to obtain earthquake coverage but none can be obtained, a record of that fact should be maintained and communicated to the membership. The board should then seek an amendment to the governing documents to eliminate the provision requiring the board to obtain the coverage. California law permits the board to petition the Superior Court to clarify the Association's responsibilities relative to coverage where the members refuse to approve or finance its cost.
If the governing documents allow the board to obtain earthquake insurance “as deemed prudent,” the board should determine whether it is, in fact, reasonable to obtain and pay for the coverage. If the premium can be paid without an increase in assessments (or without an increase beyond 20 percent of the existing budget), no membership vote is required. The board should, however, advise the membership of its decision and the reasons therefore.”14
The Federal Emergency Management Act (FEMA) offers flood insurance for community associations in certain qualified areas. Their booklet states:
“Condominium associations may purchase insurance coverage on a residential building, including all units, and it's commonly owned contents under the Residential Condominium Building Association Policy (RCBAP). The unit owner may separately insure personal contents as well as obtain additional building coverage under the Dwelling Form as long as the unit owner's share of the RCBAP and his/her added coverage do not exceed the statutory limits for a single-family dwelling.”15
Retrofit Your Buildings. Multi-family buildings with “soft stories” should be considered for retrofit before another earthquake. There are several ways of retrofitting a building with weak support for the upper floors. Buildings with large openings at the ground floor should be closed or framed to prevent failure in an earthquake. Retrofitting may be cheaper in the long run than purchasing earthquake insurance according to at least one source.16 Known landslide hazards should be mitigated and suspected areas of potential earth movement investigated. Drainage and seawalls near the bay and ocean should be inspected and upgraded as necessary to remove erosion and flood risks.
Structural components such as balconies, stairways, and catwalks that have deteriorated or have sustained wood rot should be braced or rebuilt. Common areas may need retaining walls or new drainage systems to cope with rising sea levels.
So what happens if a community association's property or buildings are destroyed in an earthquake, a landslide, or flooding for which there is little or no insurance and no legal recourse to the developer? Here are a few options and the chance of success of each:
Sell the project? Yes, it is possible. With a vote of the members, the board of directors or a trustee could sell the project as a single parcel.18 When damage is severe and if the members decide not to rebuild, the California Civil Code allows the entire project to be “partitioned” which means aggregating all of the individual titles and selling the entire project.
Whether the sales price and any existing insurance coverage would be sufficient to pay off all of the existing mortgages is doubtful. It is also not hard to imagine a disaster scenario where the buildings are so badly damaged that the owners have moved away and cannot be found. There is no statutory default in such cases. The standard clause included by BerdingWeil in the CC'Rs that its attorneys prepare provides for alternate repair strategies to be presented to the members. But if none of the alternatives are accepted, the board of directors is given the authority to sell the property without a further vote.
As discussed above, there are several tools available to address a major catastrophe. These include pursuing timely claims against responsible parties, making insurance claims, obtaining bank loans and the imposition of special assessments. In theory, some or all of these tools might save a project. But actually implementing any of these can be a daunting task. Depending on how records are kept, the nature of the catastrophe, how many units, owners or buildings are affected and other factors, including communicating with fellow members, let alone being able to schedule post-disaster meetings or votes, may prove a difficult challenge. And, even if a vote could be taken and quorums achieved, the inherent "glue" that keeps members together may be lost in the disaster: some won't want to pay to rebuild and those who do won't be able to do so alone.
The massive loss of equity that owners in common interest developments have suffered in the recent recession coupled with the likelihood that most projects are underinsured for serious disasters, leaves open the very real possibility that most boards would likely throw in the towel and let the lenders take over rather than try to rebuild, leaving the owners with little or nothing of value.
The exceptions to this scenario include the lucky owners whose developments are still within the applicable statute of limitations—assuming the damage was the result of a failure by the developer to adequately anticipate the disaster in the design and execution of the development. The other exceptions are where the damage is not serious, there is adequate insurance, or the property itself is so inherently valuable that a sale would produce proceeds well in excess of the amount of total loans against the property.
Except in cases where the location has great inherent value, more than likely the lenders, and not the owners, would end up with whatever cash is derived from a sale of the project and any insurance proceeds. Depending on the extent of the damage therefore, the owners, especially those with little equity, would have little incentive to do anything but walk away.19
The Japanese and New Zealand earthquakes, the resulting tsunami, the recent spate of damaging landslides in California, the wildfires we've seen in the past decade, and the threats posed by rising sea levels and ancient infrastructure, raise serious concerns about how a community association will survive a disaster, and whether the project can be rebuilt. Most associations lack the necessary funding to do even routine repairs, much less totally rebuild substantial portions of the project. We have warned about community associations that have reached the end of their “service life.”20 Given what we know, a natural disaster could hasten that inevitable deadline substantially.
Missed Opportunities in Applying California's Housing Law
Condominiums are a nice concept, but the reality has been less than perfect.
Once primarily an economic problem, hidden damage has become a much more severe problem—a matter of life and death.
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